Power Substation
Integration of IEC 61850 in power plant automation, control, and protection systems
IEC 61850 is much more than a protocol. The general scope of the standard is designed to support the communication of all functions being performed in a substation. Its main goal is interoperability and this is the ability for IEDs… Read more
May 29, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Solving the architectural and reliability puzzle of a protection and control system
This technical article discusses some of the basics of protection and control as successfully used for decades. Majority of these general requirements will have to be retained by new communication-based solutions. It is important to distinguish between the key need,… Read more
May 27, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
The theory behind reactive energy compensation that every engineer should know
Reactive energy compensation is an essential process in improving energy efficiency. It reduces the power consumption and thus its cost, enables optimum use of installations by preventing them being oversized, and more generally it improves the quality of energy systems…. Read more
May 22, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Six tools you MUST learn before programming numerical protection relays for real
Developing basic setting specifications for numerical relays is a boring process for most electrical engineers, but not for the protection engineers! It requires significant input data but, for the most part, is exciting and relatively straightforward. A basic understanding of…...
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May 20, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Premium Content
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The case of phase-to-phase fault in a 13.8 kV switchgear caused by heavy rain
In this case study we describe a 13.8 kV switchgear phase-to-phase fault due to by heavy rain evolving into a three-phase fault that was cleared by transformer numerical relays. The generator was out of service and the fault was fed…...
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May 17, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The essentials of radial distribution system and its subtransmission circuits
Electric distribution system is all of that part of an electric power system between the bulk power source or sources and the consumers’ service switches. The bulk power sources are located in or near the load area to be served… Read more
May 15, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The basic protection schemes for 4 typical transformer types in power system
The degree of transformer protection provided depends to a great extent upon the size and functional importance of the unit. A further important factor is the economic aspect. The cost of protection for power transformers tends to be proportionally higher… Read more
May 13, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
3 most important routine tests for successful verification of a low voltage switchgear
Individual tests or routine verifications are intended to check the essential safety aspects of LV assemblies that could be affected by hazards during mounting or possible manufacturing faults. In principle, they must be carried out on all assemblies, either in… Read more
May 08, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
Theorems and network reductions that every electrical engineer MUST know
Most practical power system problems are solved by using steady state analytical methods. These methods make the assumption that circuit parameters are linear, bilateral, and constant for constant frequency circuit variables. When analysing initial values, it is necessary to study… Read more
May 06, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
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How to make calculation for a distribution substation 10/0.4 kV, 2×1600 kVA
Distribution substations with an installed power of 2×1600 kVA are a typical example of electrical power supply facilities which can be often seen all around Europe and wider. By “calculation” of such a substation, it is assumed that values of…...
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May 02, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Power Substation
The concept of redundancy in the power circuits
Generally speaking, distribution substations should be designed with redundancy allowing a portion of feeders to remain energized if any major component fails or is taken out of service for maintenance. To help ensure a reliable system, planners and operators and… Read more
May 01, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy Generation
Internal electrical systems within nuclear power plant stations (power sources)
Electrical systems within a nuclear power plant (NPP) deserve significant design considerations. The availability of on-site as well as off-site power plays a crucial role in nuclear power plant safety and are one of the most important considerations in constructing… Read more
Apr 29, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
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Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for 1000kV and above
Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) can correctly work only if all its internal components are properly assembled and the metal enclosure is filled with SF6 gas at the required density. That’s obligatory. As in the lower HV…...
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Apr 25, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Spot network systems for distribution of electric power in downtown areas of cities
The AC secondary network system is the system that has been used for many years to distribute electric power in the high-density, downtown areas of cities, usually in the form of utility grids. Modifications of this type of system make… Read more
Apr 24, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Three good examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection
This technical article provides three examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection. As there are many modern protection relays nowadays that provide advanced software to simplify the calculations, in this article we will use earlier Alstom type… Read more
Apr 22, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
